Sonora’s size relative to its peers
Exhibit 2 provides a view of Sonora’s large resource size compared to various other lithium resources currently being delineated, developed or mined. It shows resource sizes and grade, given in LCE terms. Resource sizes are stated in global terms, containing all three resource categories: measured, indicated and inferred. We have used this approach to capture as many projects as possible.
From the resource shown in Exhibit 2, we can see that two broad groups exist, the first being the smaller sub 2Mt of contained LCE size containing such projects as Wolfsberg, Clayton Valley and James Bay. The second group contains projects with resources of plus 5Mt of contained LCE, namely Sal de Vida, Cinovec and BCN/REM’s Sonora Lithium Project.
The first group contains all hard rock deposits. This class includes pegmatite projects (eg Wolfsberg, Whabouchi and Rose), clay-based projects (eg Kings Valley), smaller brine deposits (eg Salar de Olaroz) plus one jaderite-hosted lithium (+borates) resource in Ultra Lithium’s Georgia Lake resource.
The second, larger-size resource group contains the large brine deposit of Galaxy Resources Sal de Vida project (which has a DFS completed and is awaiting an investment decision), the large brine deposit of Kings Valley (owned by Western lithium in which Rem has a 3% shareholding) plus the inferred resource of Cinovec and the indicated and inferred resources of Sonora. While currently in the second group of larger resources, we note Cinovec’s inferred-only resource size and slightly unusual host of greisenized veins (as such the resource also contains material amounts of tin and some tungsten) as potential reasons why future resource estimations may materially reduce Cinovec’s size.
Exhibit 2: Lithium projects by resource size (given by area of circle) and grade, all presented in LCE terms
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Source: Edison Investment Research
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Exhibit 2 does not show how much of each resource is recoverable. For example, in terms of conventional hard rock deposits of a particular commodity, a rule of thumb is that 60-70% of the mineral resource reports to the ore reserve, ie 60-70% of a mineral resource is economically viable to extract and process at any given commodity price.
Exhibit 3: Lithium project resources adjusted for assumed resource to reserve conversion factors
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Source: Edison Investment Research
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Galaxy Resources has published the only available brine-based ore reserve estimate for its Sal de Vida project in Argentina. In LCE terms, Sal de Vida contains 7.2Mt in resource. After conversion to reserves, the amount of retrievable LCE reduces 85% to 1.1Mt. Only 15% of the mineral resource reports to an ore reserve. To further support this, although it has not produced a reserve estimate, Orocobre states that only 15% of its Sal de Olaroz mineral resource is extractable.
However, we note that the method of converting resources to reserves is intimately linked to the method of extraction, and that both the aforementioned brine deposits contemplate the use of evaporation ponds to extract the contained lithium. This could be the reason certain brine companies are looking to develop their deposits using new alternative, less energy-intensive, more environmentally friendly and quicker process methods. Such a method could involve Tenova Bateman Technologies’ proprietary LiSX extraction process. While such methods have not yet been developed at the mine scale, they could increase the yield of lithium brine deposits over those developed using evaporation ponds.
Notwithstanding the above, if a resource-to-reserve conversion of 15% is used to adjust all the brine resources given in Exhibit 2 and a 70% resource-to-reserve conversion factor is applied to all other deposit types, brines (ie Kings Valley and Sal de Vida) no longer appear in the second group of larger resource sizes (Exhibit 3).
Under our assumptions, the only projects that remain around or above 4-5Mt of contained LCE on conversion to reserves are Cinovec (notwithstanding its early stage of assessment) and Sonora. Although we highlight the very limited data we have in terms of resource-to-reserve conversion factors for brines and use an indicative 70% conversion for all other deposit types, the above analysis suggests that brines are not the deposits that yield the largest mineable amounts of lithium. Based on our assumptions and selection of lithium-based mining companies, Sonora is the only deposit of the second larger resource group that retains the majority of its mineral resource on conversion to reserves. Sonora is a clay base.
Although Cinovec and Sonora have the lowest resource grades of our peer group, their resources potentially support the longest life mining operations with lowest production costs of the hard rock and clay deposits achieved through appreciating the inherent economies of scale present in low-grade large tonnage mining projects. To better understand whether Sonora satisfies this assertion, we await REM and Bacanora’s Sonora PFS in Q116.
Note that all values given above are in LCE terms. To convert to lithium hydroxide, we use a factor of 1.14 xs and to convert LCE into lithium oxide a factor of 0.40x must be applied.
Higher-grade portions of Sonora coincident with flatter ground
The May 2015 iteration of Sonora’s lithium resource stated a global lithium grade of 2,600ppm for the 5.0Mt contained in the indicated resource category and a grade of 2,000ppm for tonnes contained in the inferred category. Making any kind of comment on the potential mineability based on these alone would be incorrect, as the grades at Sonora vary considerably between the higher-grade Lower Clay and lower-grade Upper Clay beds (see Exhibit 1). For indicated material, grades in the Upper Clay horizons vary by 500ppm and likewise, for the Lower Clays, by 1,400ppm. A similar situation occurs for the inferred material.
Therefore, to understand better the quality of the potentially mineable portions of the Sonora resource, it is crucial to grasp where the higher-grade zones (associated with the Lower Clay) are located spatially and, in particular, relative to the topography of the area. The following screenshot is taken from the Sonora block model used to calculate the resource given in Exhibit 1. The purple zone identifies ignimbrite (also known as consolidated volcanic ash), grading down towards green where the lower grades are seen associated with the overlying Upper Clay. Overlaid on this are the licence areas, of which REM’s 30% direct interest held in JV with Bacanora Minerals relates to the Fleur and El Sauz concessions.
Exhibit 4: Grade distribution across the Sonora project with concession boundaries overlaid
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Source: Rare Earth Minerals
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It is obvious that any future open pit will be designed to capture as much of the red areas as possible. These areas are coincident with topographic lows with relief increasing to the north-east and south-west. As such, future pit designs capturing the higher-grade portions of the Sonora resource are likely to incur the lowest strip ratios, a key factor determining the cost of mining and production of lithium-based concentrates.
Future reserve estimate to have higher lithium grade than resource?
The indicated (being the first resource category that can be converted into an ore reserve) grades of Fleur, La Ventana and El Sauz 1 are 4,300ppm, 3,500ppm and 4,000ppm respectively. These are far higher than the average of 2,600ppm given for all indicated tonnages for the Sonora project, and suggest that when an ore reserve is calculated its lithium grade should be materially higher than that of the resource, potentially creating one of the largest and highest-grade lithium reserves worldwide.
Cinovec Lithium Project, Czech Republic
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REM currently holds an 11.7% interest in the Cinovec lithium (owned by European Metals) and tin deposit, on the German border.
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EMH is currently undertaking a resource upgrade drill programme and has released the first results of historical drill hole confirmation drilling. Assay results announced so far (see EMH RNS dated 17 November 2015).
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It has an inferred mineral resource estimate (MRE) of 515Mt of ore at an LCE grade of 1.06% (using an Li cut-off grade of 0.1%) for 5.5Mt of contained lithium carbonate (514.8Mt @ 0.43% Li2O).
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It has a combined tin MRE of indicated and inferred portions of 183kt of contained tin (ie 79.78Mt of ore at 0.23% Sn using a 0.2% Sn cut-off grade). This tin resource also contains tungsten, both of which will be received by EMH on mining Cinovec in the form of tin-tungsten credits and is the main reason that this lower-grade lithium resource could be viable to mine. Note: the Czech government undertook trial mining from the 1960s through to the 1980s, extracting c 400kt of ore via a sublevel open-stope mining method.
The European location of this lithium and tin asset may become its most attractive non-technical characteristic. The recent controversy surrounding VW’s clean diesel technology, first exposed in the US, and which is now reported to affect 11m VW group cars globally, may provide the catalyst for a more rapid adoption of hybrid and plug-in electrical vehicle use than has been seen previously in Germany. While currently limited to the Volkswagen group, the scandal has tainted the reputation of German engineering in general. A positive consequence is that Germany, in an effort to improve its image, may increase pressure on the automotive industry to move away from optimised diesel technology and accommodate a purer clean-tech approach. As evidence that this may already be starting to occur, at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) held in Las Vegas in January 2016, VW unveiled its new Budd-e all-electric microbus concept vehicle using its new Modular Electric Drive (MEB) platform. VW intends this new platform to be used across a new range of electric vehicles and complements its existing MQB system, which is already used in electric versions of other VW group cars such as the Golf, Skoda Octavia and Audi AC, among others (7 January 2016 article on www.thisismoney.co.uk).
Key characteristics of the Budd-e concept are a 15-minute charge time for 80% of battery capacity, a 223-mile range and a 0-60mph time of 6.9 seconds.
Further moves by VW towards expanding its electric vehicle range in Germany will only serve to support the development of lithium projects located in Europe, such as Cinovec.